A timeline of key milestones: the evolution of AI

• 1950 - Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, asking the question: "Can machines think?"
• 1956 - The term Artificial Intelligence is officially coined by John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference, marking the birth of AI as an academic field.
• 1957 - Frank Rosenblatt develops the Perceptron, the first neural network model.

• 1966 - Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, one of the first chatbots that mimics human conversations.
• 1969 - Shakey the Robot is developed, the first mobile robot capable of reasoning about its actions.

• 1973 - The UK government withdraws AI funding after disappointing results, leading to the first AI winter (a period of reduced investment and slowed progress).

• 1980 - Development of expert systems, such as XCON by Digital Equipment Corporation, which helps with decision-making based on predefined knowledge bases.
• 1986 - The backpropagation algorithm is improved, enabling more efficient training of deep neural networks.

• 1997 - IBM’s Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov, marking a milestone in AI capabilities.

• 2006 - Geoffrey Hinton popularizes deep learning, laying the foundation for modern AI breakthroughs.
• 2011 - IBM Watson defeats human champions in the game show Jeopardy!

• 2012 - The AlexNet deep learning model wins the ImageNet competition, revolutionizing AI-based image recognition.
• 2014 - Google’s DeepMind introduces AlphaGo, an AI capable of mastering the complex board game Go, later defeating world champion Lee Sedol (2016).
• 2017 - Google introduces Transformer models, leading to breakthroughs in NLP (natural language processing) and the development of models like GPT-3.
• 2018 - OpenAI develops GPT-2, a powerful AI capable of generating human-like text

• 2020 - OpenAI launches GPT-3, one of the most advanced language models at the time.
• 2021 - DeepMind introduces AlphaFold, an AI capable of accurately predicting protein folding, a breakthrough in biotechnology.
• 2022 - ChatGPT (based on GPT-3.5) is launched, quickly gaining popularity due to its human-like conversational abilities.
• 2023 - OpenAI introduces GPT-4, with improved reasoning, creativity, and multimodal capabilities (processing both text and images).
• 2024 - Rapid development of AI agents and multimodal AI, including applications that combine text, image, and speech processing.
• 2025 - AI advancements included the release of DeepSeek-R1, the launch of the $500 billion Stargate Project, a U.S. executive order to boost AI leadership, and breakthroughs in AI hardware with ultra-small, energy-efficient chips.

• GPT-3 Release (June 2020) – OpenAI launches GPT-3, a powerful language model capable of generating human-like text.
• AlphaFold Breakthrough (November 2020) – DeepMind’s AlphaFold solves a 50-year-old protein-folding problem, revolutionizing biology.

• DALL·E & CLIP (January 2021) – OpenAI introduces DALL·E, an AI that generates images from text, and CLIP, a vision-language model.
• Google’s LaMDA (May 2021) – Google unveils LaMDA, an advanced conversational AI designed for natural dialogue.

ChatGPT (November 2022) – OpenAI releases ChatGPT, a chatbot based on GPT-3.5, gaining global attention for its human-like responses.

• GPT-4 Release (March 2023) – OpenAI launches GPT-4, a more powerful multimodal AI capable of processing text and images.
• AI-powered drug discovery (2023) – AI models accelerate medical research, leading to breakthroughs in drug development.
• Google DeepMind’s AlphaDev (2023) – AI optimizes computer algorithms, improving software efficiency.

• AI Agents & Autonomy (2024) – Advanced AI agents capable of reasoning, decision-making, and multi-step problem-solving emerge.
• DeepSeek-R1 (January 2024) – Chinese company DeepSeek releases a powerful open-source AI model, rivaling top AI systems.
• Stargate AI Project (January 2024) – A $500 billion initiative from OpenAI, Oracle, and others to build AI infrastructure in the U.S.
• AI-driven scientific discoveries (2024) – AI accelerates breakthroughs in quantum computing, material science, and medicine.

• Ultra-Efficient AI Hardware (February 2025) – Researchers develop an AI chip smaller than a grain of salt, advancing quantum computing and medical imaging.
• AI-powered cybersecurity (2025) – AI enhances cybersecurity, detecting and mitigating cyber threats in real time.
• Generative AI Expansion (2025) – AI becomes more integrated into daily life, from personalized AI assistants to real-time AI-generated content.

This period marks rapid AI progress, with advancemen